UNIT- I
Stereochemistry
Fischer Projection, Newmann and Sawhorse Projection formulae and their inter conversions; Geometrical isomerism: cis–trans, syn-anti isomerism, E/Z notations.
Optical Isomerism: Optical activity, specific rotation, asymmetry, enantiomers, distereoisomers, meso structures –molecules with one and two chiral centres, racemization –methods of racemisation; resolution- methods of resolution. C.I.P rules. R and S notations for one and two chirality (stereogenic) centres.
Molecules with no asymmetric carbon atoms – allenes and biphenyls. Conformational analysis of ethane and butane.
UNIT-II
Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds–I
Nitro alkanes
Nomenclature, isomerism, preparation from alkyl halides, halo acids, alkanes; physical properties; reactions – reduction, halogenations, Grignard reagent, Pseudo acid character.
Nitro-acinitro tautomerism.
Aromatic nitro compounds
Nomenclature, preparation –nitration, from diazonium salts, physical properties; reactions –reduction of nitrobenzene in different medium, Electrophilic substitution reactions, TNT.
Amines: Aliphatic amines
Nomenclature, isomerism, preparation – Hofmanns’ degradation reaction, Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis, Curtius Schmidt rearrangement.
Physical properties, reactions – alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, Mannich reaction, oxidation, basicity of amines.
UNIT- III
Chemistry of Nitrogen Compounds –II
Aromatic amines – Nomenclature, preparation – from nitro compounds, Hofmann’s method; Schmidt reaction, properties - basic nature, ortho effect; reactions – alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid, aldehydes, oxidation, Electrophilic substitution reactions, diazotization and coupling reactions; sulphanilic acid - zwitter ion formation.
Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines - aliphatic and aromatic Diazonium compounds.
Diazomethane, Benzene diazonium chloride -preparations and synthetic applications.
Dyes
Theory of colour and constitution; classification based on structure and application; preparation–Martius yellow, aniline yellow, methyl orange, alizarin, indigo, malachite green.Industry oriented content Dyes Industry, Foodcolour and additives.
UNIT- IV
Heterocyclic compounds
Nomenclature and classification. General characteristics - aromatic character and reactivity.
Five-membered heterocyclic compounds
Pyrrole – preparation - from succinimide, Paal Knorr synthesis; reactions – reduction, basic character, acidic character, electrophilic substitution reactions, ring opening.
Furan – preparation from mucic acid and pentosan; reactions – hydrogenation, reaction with oxygen, Diels Alder reactions, formation of thiophene and pyrrole; Electrophilic substitution reaction.
Thiophene synthesis – from acetylene; reactions–reduction; oxidation; Electrophilic substitution reactions.
UNIT -V
Six-membered heterocyclic compounds
Pyridine – synthesis - from acetylene, Physical properties; reactions - basic character, oxidation, reduction, electrophilic substitution reactions; nucleophilic substitution – uses,
Condensed ring systems.
Quinoline – preparation – Skraup synthesis and Friedlander’s synthesis; reactions – basic nature, reduction, oxidation; electrophilic substitutions; nucleophilic substitutions – Chichibabin reaction
Isoquinoline – preparation by the Bischler – Napieralski reaction, reduction, oxidation; electrophilic substitution.
- Teacher: PALANISAMY PANDARAM
